Are Nev batteries retiring in China?

As the largest NEVs market worldwide, China's power battery has entered the phase of largescale retirement (Li et al., 2020). It is estimated by the China Automotive Technology and Research Center that the recycling volume of NEVs batteries will reach 7.08 million t by 2030 in China (Yu et al., 2021).

Should lead-acid batteries be recycled before the deadline?

Meanwhile, the targeted recycling rates both in a different period, as well as the technical specification for pollution control of waste lead-acid battery treatment, were proposed, which promoted the lead battery producers to complete the recycling project before the deadline.

Is the recycling of retired power batteries a bottleneck?

In reality, the recycling of retired power batteries is facing up with several bottlenecks, such as a lower recovery rate, immature recycling mode and vicious competition of small recycling workshops (Tang et al., 2018), which has caused deep concern among Chinese governments at all levels (Qiao et al., 2021).

When did lithium-iron phosphate (LFP) batteries become more popular?

However, around 2005, battery manufacturing and research increasingly moved on to the development of higher energy density technologies such as Lithium-iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries (Ouyang, 2015).

Why are lithium-manganese-cobalt-oxide (NMC) batteries important?

In terms of the guidance of the search (F4), due to the biased subsidy scheme largely in favor of higher energy density battery technologies, Lithium-manganese-cobalt-oxide (NMC) batteries have become increasingly important due to their high energy density (150–220 Wh/kg compared to around 90–160 Wh/kg for LFP).

What is the demand for lithium ion batteries in 2022?

The ever-increasing demand for the high-performance rechargeable LIBs increasingly accelerates the use of lithium sources and the production of spent batteries. Global consumption of lithium in 2022 was estimated to be 134,000 tons, a 41% increase from 95,000 tons in 2021 in response to strong demand from the LIB market 1.